🎯 What you'll learn: Network layer characteristics (connectionless, best effort, media independent), IPv4 packet header fields, IPv6 improvements and header, how hosts make forwarding decisions, the default gateway, and an introduction to routing (static vs dynamic).
1-A 2-A 3-A 4-A | 5 best 6 gateway 7 = ANDs destination with its subnet mask; same network = direct, else gateway 8 = Directly connected, static, dynamic (routing protocols) 9 = Upper layers (TCP) add reliability when needed | 10 = Packet dropped; ICMP time-exceeded returned (traceroute uses this)